Connecting to the Console Port

There are times when directly accessing the console is required. Perhaps webGUI or SSH access has been locked out, or the password has been lost or forgotten. This guide shows how to regain access directly through the console.

Simple Configuration

Below are the simple instructions for connecting to the console port with Microsoft Windows. If these steps do not work for you or if you’re an operating system other than Windows, then please skip forward to Advanced Configuration.

Serial Terminal Emulation Client

A serial terminal emulation program is required to access the pfSense® appliance console through the serial interface. PuTTY is free and recommended.

Configuring Serial Terminal Emulator

PuTTY must be configured to communicate with the pfSense appliance. In order to do so, you must first know what COM Port your computer has assigned to your serial port. Even if you assigned your serial port to COM1 in the BIOS, Windows may remap it to a different COM Port.

To determine this, you must open Windows Device Manager and view the COM port assignment:

assignment

Note

The first time you connect your computer to the pfSense appliance, it may take up to 3 minutes for the driver to install. It should install automatically for Windows 7 and above.

Open PuTTY and locate the Session display as shown below. Set Serial line to the COM Port that is displayed in Windows Device Manager, COM3 for this example, and the Speed to 115200 bits per second, the speed of the BIOS in this case. For the Connection type, select Serial.

session

Click the Open button and the console screen will be displayed.

Advanced Configuration

A Prolific PL2303 USB-to-UART bridge driver is used to provide access to the console, which is exposed via the Micro-USB B port on the appliance.

Install the Driver

Install an appropriate Prolific PL2303 USB to UART Bridge driver on the workstation used to connect with the system if needed. There are drivers available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux available for download.

Note

For Windows, choose Windows Driver Installer Setup Program and for Mac, choose Mac OS X Universal Binary Driver.

Recent versions of FreeBSD and many Linux distributions include this driver and will not require manual installation.

Connect a USB Cable

Next, locate an appropriate USB cable that has a Micro-USB B connector on one end and a regular USB (Type A) plug on the other end. These cables are commonly used with smaller USB peripherals such as GPS units, cameras, and so on.

Gently push the Micro-USB B plug end into the console port on the appliance and connect the USB type A plug into an available USB port on the workstation.

Tip

Be certain to gently push in the Micro-USB B connector on the system side completely. With most cables there will be a tangible “click”, “snap”, or similar indication when the cable is fully engaged.

Locate the Console Port Device

The appropriate device to attach the terminal program to each platform varies by platform and must be located before attempting to connect to the console.

Windows

To locate the device name on Windows, open Device Manager and expand the section for Ports (COM & LPT). Look for an entry with a title such as Prolific USB-to-Serial Comm Port. If there is a label in the name that contains “COMX” where X is a decimal digit (e.g. COM1), that value is what would be used as the port in the terminal program.

windows-device-ports

Mac OS X

The device associated with the system console is likely to show up as /dev/cu.usbserial.

Linux

The device associated with the system console is likely to show up as /dev/ttyUSB0. Look for messages about the device attaching in the system log files or by running dmesg.

Note

If the device does not appear in /dev/, see the note above in the driver section about manually loading the Linux driver and then try again.

FreeBSD

The device associated with the system console is likely to show up as /dev/cuaU0. Look for messages about the device attaching in the system log files or by running dmesg.

Launch a Terminal Program

Use a terminal program to connect to the system console port. PuTTY is a popular terminal program that is available on various operating systems. Some other choices of terminal programs:

  • Linux: screen, PuTTY, minicom, dterm

  • Mac OS X: screen, ZTerm, cu

  • Windows: PuTTY, SecureCRT, Do not use Hyperterminal

  • FreeBSD: screen, cu

The settings to use within the terminal program are:

Speed

115200 baud

Data bits

8

Parity

none

Stop bits

1

Flow Control

Off or XON/OFF. Hardware flow control (RTS/CTS) must be disabled.

Client-Specific Examples

PuTTY

Launch PuTTY and configure it for a Serial type connection with a speed of 115200 using the port name located previously.

  • Windows Example:

    ../_images/rcc-ve-serial-console-2.png

  • Linux Example:

    linux-putty-image

PuTTY generally handles most cases OK but can have issues with line drawing characters on certain platforms.

These settings seem to work best (tested on Windows):

Window

Columns x Rows = 80x24

Window > Appearance

Font = Courier New 10pt or Consolas 10pt

Window > Translation

Remote Character Set = Use font encoding or UTF-8

Window > Translation

Handling of line drawing characters = Use font in both ANSI and OEM modes or Use Unicode line drawing code points

Window > Colours

Indicate bolded text by changing = The colour

GNU screen

In many cases screen may be invoked simply by using the proper command line:

  • Mac OS X

    sudo screen /dev/cu.usbserial 115200

  • Linux

    sudo screen /dev/ttyUSB0 115200

  • FreeBSD

    sudo screen /dev/cuaU0 115200

If portions of the text are unreadable but appear to be properly formatted, the most likely culprit is a character encoding mismatch in the terminal. For example, on OS X this is commonly required

sudo screen -U /dev/cu.usbserial 115200

Adding the -U parameter to the screen command line arguments forces it to use UTF-8 for character encoding.

Troubleshooting

No Serial Output

If there is no output at all, check the following items:

  • Ensure the cable is correctly attached and fully inserted

  • Ensure the terminal program is using the correct port

  • Ensure the terminal program is configured for the correct speed. The default BIOS speed is 115200, and many other modern operating systems use that speed as well. Some older operating systems or custom configurations may use slower speeds such as 9600 or 38400.

  • Ensure the operating system is configured for the proper console (e.g. ttyS1 in Linux). Consult the various operating install guides on this site for further information.

Garbled Serial Output

If the serial output apears to be garbled, binary, or random characters check the following items:

  • Ensure the terminal program is configured for the correct speed. (See “No Serial Output” above)

  • Ensure the terminal program is configured for the proper character encoding, such as UTF-8 or Latin-1, depending on the operating system. (See the previous entry under “GNU screen”)

Serial Output Stops After the BIOS

If serial output is shown for the BIOS but stops afterward, check the following items:

  • Ensure the terminal program is configured for the correct speed for the installed operating system. (See “No Serial Output” above)

  • Ensure the installed operating system is configured to activate the serial console.

  • Ensure the installed operating system is configured for the proper console (e.g. ttyS1 in Linux). Consult the various operating install guides on this site for further information.

  • If booting from a USB flash drive, ensure that the drive was written correctly and contains a bootable operating system image.