Writing an Installation Image to Flash Media¶

Creating bootable installation media varies by operating system and involves writing the installation image to flash media such as a USB flash drive, sometimes referred to as a “thumb drive”.

Requirements¶

A USB flash drive.

The drive should be 4 GB in size at minimum, 8 GB or larger is ideal. Current installation images from Netgate can be over 2 GB in size, but this is likely to increase over time.
An installation media image file.

This document assumes that the installation image is already downloaded onto the client computer which will create the installation media. Refer to the platform and/or software documentation for information on how to obtain an installation image file.
A client computer from which to write the image (e.g. Windows PC, Mac, Linux).

Using Etcher¶

The easiest way to create bootable installation media is to use Etcher. Etcher is available on Windows, macOS, and Linux so the procedure to write an image is the same across each supported platform. Etcher is simple to use, supports compressed image files, and has several features which help prevent users from making unintentional mistakes in the process such as selecting the wrong target drive. Additionally, unlike other methods there is no need to perform other steps before writing the image to prepare the image file or disk.

Download and install Etcher from https://www.balena.io/etcher/
Insert a USB flash drive into the client computer
Start Etcher

Etcher will display its main screen as shown in the following image:
Click Flash from file
Locate and select the installation image file

Tip

Etcher can use compressed images directly, there is no need to manually decompress the image file first.
Click Select target
Click the USB flash drive to which Etcher should write the image

Note

Etcher attempts to hide and/or visibly mark potentially dangerous selections such as system drives, the drive containing the source image, and large drives. This makes it easier to identify the correct selection.
Click Select (1) to continue
Click Flash! to write the image to the target USB flash drive

At this point there may be an authentication or UAC prompt to continue.
Wait for the flash process to complete

If there is an error, try another USB flash drive or follow the advice given within Etcher to resolve the problem.
Close Etcher when complete
Remove the USB flash drive from the client system

What Next?¶

The installation media is now ready to use. Proceed to the installation instructions for the operating system.

Alternate Methods¶

If Etcher is not viable, there are other more involved methods to create installation media.

Decompress the Image¶

Some software used to create installation media does not support compressed image files. Before proceeding, decompress the image file to ensure compatibility.

The most common indication that a file is compressed is its extension. If the filename ends in .gz, .bz2, .zip, or similar then it is likely compressed. If so, decompress it using an appropriate utility:

Using 7-Zip

Right click the downloaded img.gz file
Click 7-zip
Click Extract Here

Use the gunzip command line utility to decompress the image:

$ gunzip /path/to/file

Use the gzip command line utility to decompress the image:

$ gzip -d /path/to/file

Use the gzip command line utility to decompress the image:

$ gzip -d /path/to/file

Connect the Flash Drive to the Workstation¶

Next, connect the flash drive to the client computer containing the downloaded image file.

Locate the device name that the client computer designates for the drive:

The drive name will be a single uppercase letter, e.g. E. Use Windows Explorer or examine the control panel and look at the available disks for one matching the drive.

The device name may look like /dev/diskX where X is a decimal digit. Run diskutil list from a command prompt or use the GUI tool Disk Utility.

Note

If the disk is named diskX then the device to pass to the writing utility is the raw disk device named rdiskX. Using this device is much faster for these types of low-level operations.

The device name may look like /dev/sdX where X is a lowercase letter. Look for messages about the drive attaching in the system log files or by running dmesg.

Note

Make sure the device name refers to the entire disk rather than a partition. For example, /dev/sdb1 is the first partition on the disk, so it would be writing to a partition on the device and the drive may not end up being bootable. In that case use /dev/sdb instead so it writes the entire disk.

The device name may look like /dev/daX where X is a decimal digit. Look for messages about the drive attaching in the system log files or by running dmesg.

Cleaning The Target Disk¶

Cleaning the target disk removes all of the partitions and data on the device. This step is optional, but a best practice as it gives the disk a blank slate with less chance that previous disk contents will cause a conflict. For example, Win32 Disk Imager on Windows has issues when writing disk images to flash drives if they contain multiple partitions.

The process to clean the disk varies by operating system:

Warning

Choosing the wrong destination could erase one of the system hard disks. Check and recheck the disk selection before making changes.

The Disk Management interface in Windows is one way to delete the partitions from a disk but often it has the operation disabled. The simplest and most reliable method is to use diskpart.

Start a command prompt as Administrator
Run diskpart
Type list disk to show the disks connected to the system

One of these disks will be the target USB flash drive.
Type select disk n where n is the disk number of the target USB flash drive from the list in the previous command output
Type clean to remove the partitions from the disk.

The full diskpart session can be seen in the following image:

../_images/imgwriter_02_clean_target_disk.png

Warning

Choosing the wrong destination could erase one of the system hard disks. Check and recheck the disk selection before making changes.

The dd command is by far the easiest way to erase a disk partition table:

% sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rdiskX bs=1m status=progress

Note

On versions of macOS prior to 12, the dd command does not support the parameter status=progress parameter which shows the status of the command as it writes.

Limiting the wipe to the start of the disk with count=1 or similar will not fully wipe metadata from the disk as it only wipes the start of the disk, not the end. There are ways to wipe the end by using seek=<total sectors>-1024 or similar parameters but that method is far more complex and prone to error. The best practice is to wipe the entire disk.

Warning

Choosing the wrong destination could erase one of the system hard disks. Check and recheck the disk selection before making changes.

The dd command is by far the easiest way to erase a disk partition table:

$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdX bs=1M status=progress

Note

Limiting the wipe to the start of the disk with count=1 or similar will not fully wipe metadata from the disk as it only wipes the start of the disk, not the end. There are ways to wipe the end by using seek=<total sectors>-1024 or similar parameters but that method is far more complex and prone to error. The best practice is to wipe the entire disk.

Warning

Choosing the wrong destination could erase one of the system hard disks. Check and recheck the disk selection before making changes.

Using commands to clear the disk metadata followed by the dd command to wipe the start of the disk is by far the fastest way to clean a disk on FreeBSD:

$ sudo gpart destroy -F daX
$ sudo zpool labelclear -f /dev/daX
$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/daX bs=1M count=1 status=progress

Note

Alternately, skip the first two commands and omit the count=1 on dd to wipe the entire target disk from start to end.

Write the Image¶

Now it is time to write the image to the flash drive. The exact procedure varies by operating system.

Warning

The operations in this section will completely overwrite any existing content on the flash drive so be sure that any files previously stored on the drive are backed up elsewhere.

In order to write an image to a drive from a Windows workstation, the best practice is to use a GUI tool such as Etcher as described previously, or an alternate utility such as Win32 Disk Imager.

Using Win32 Disk Imager

Win32 Disk Imager is a Free and easy-to-use program which can write disk images in Windows. It also only lists removable drives in its GUI which prevents accidentally overwriting a permanent disk.

Start Win32 Disk Imager, and ensure it is running as Administrator
Click the folder icon (1)
Navigate to the location of the downloaded image file
Select the image file
Choose the target drive (2)
Click Write (3)
Wait for the image to finish writing, and a Write Successful dialog will appear

Warning

The operations in this section will completely overwrite any existing content on the flash drive so be sure that any files previously stored on the drive are backed up elsewhere.

Write the image to the drive using the dd command. It takes this general form:

% sudo diskutil unmountDisk <usb_disk_device_name>
% sudo dd if=<image_file_name> of=<usb_disk_device_name> bs=4m status=progress
% sudo diskutil eject <usb_disk_device_name>

For example:

% sudo diskutil unmountDisk /dev/rdisk3
% sudo dd if=file1.img of=/dev/rdisk3 bs=4m status=progress
% sudo diskutil eject /dev/rdisk3

The bs=X is optional and tells dd to perform reads and writes on 4 MB blocks of data at a time. The default block size used by dd is 512 bytes. Specifying a larger block size can significantly increase the writing speed which will result in faster image writing.

Note

On versions of macOS prior to 12, the dd command does not support the parameter status=progress parameter which shows the status of the command as it writes.

If a warning is printed about “trailing garbage” is may be safely ignored, as it is from the file’s digital signature.

Warning

The operations in this section will completely overwrite any existing content on the flash drive so be sure that any files previously stored on the drive are backed up elsewhere.

Write the image to the drive using the dd command from a shell logged in as a user with sudo access or the root user directly. It takes this general form:

$ sudo dd if=<image_file_name> of=<usb_disk_device_name> bs=4M status=progress

For example:

$ sudo dd if=file1.img of=/dev/sdb bs=4M status=progress

The bs=X is optional and tells dd to perform reads and writes on 4 MB blocks of data at a time. The default block size used by dd is 512 bytes. Specifying a larger block size can significantly increase the writing speed which will result in faster image writing.

If a warning is printed about “trailing garbage” is may be safely ignored, as it is from the file’s digital signature.

Warning

The operations in this section will completely overwrite any existing content on the flash drive so be sure that any files previously stored on the drive are backed up elsewhere.

Write the image to the drive using the dd command. It takes this general form:

$ sudo dd if=<image_file_name> of=<usb_disk_device_name> bs=4M status=progress

For example:

$ sudo dd if=file1.img of=/dev/da1 bs=4M status=progress

The bs=X is optional and tells dd to perform reads and writes on 4 MB blocks of data at a time. The default block size used by dd is 512 bytes. Specifying a larger block size can significantly increase the writing speed which will result in faster image writing.

If a warning is printed about “trailing garbage” is may be safely ignored, as it is from the file’s digital signature.

What Next?¶

The installation media is now ready to use. Proceed to the installation instructions for the operating system.